CLASS 6 COMPUTER SCIENCE 2021-22

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 R/4 (Posted on  12/08/2021)

Chapter 4 More om MS PowerPoint 2010 

TOPICS TO BE COVERED:

1. Introduction of PowerPoint

2. Getting Started with Microsoft PowerPoint 2010

3. The Ribbon of PowerPoint 2010

4. Transitions Tab of PowerPoint 2010

5. Animations Tab of PowerPoint 2010

6. Adding Audio files

Introduction of PowerPoint

PowerPoint 2010 is another amazing program of Microsoft Office 2010. It enables its users to create and edit presentations for meetings, seminars as well as web pages and online demos. This application enables its choosers to produce highly professional looking presentations and especially for commercial purposes. Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 will enable you to catch your customers attentions and even become better than your rivals by creating amazingly looking presentations and demos. I would recommend trying PowerPoint 2010 tutorials. Of course commercial use is not the only purpose of using PowerPoint 2010. The application can be used in many other areas too such as in schools for educational purposes, on web sites to create a more appealing online web page and so on.

Getting Started with Microsoft PowerPoint 2010

PowerPoint 2010 is one of the most frequently used Microsoft Office 2010 applications and therefore while reading on you will find out basic information about this application and its amazing new features. Along with these the differences of the previous versions like PowerPoint 2007 will also be talked about.

Since PowerPoint 2010 is used widely and frequently for demos and presentations, those who are in the same situation should have an easy and instant access to the Office 2010 software. There are several ways of opening a new presentation and below is the route to follow which shows the most basic way of opening a new Power Point 2010 document.

Start → All Programs → Microsoft Office → Microsoft PowerPoint 2010

Here is the visual representation of how to open a fresh presentation.

 

Ways of Adding New Slide to PowerPoint 2010 presentation

Once you have opened a new PowerPoint 2010 presentation and want to create a slide show you should first start with adding the title and the text that you want to have in your application presentation. You should then be able to add a new slide to an existing PPT presentation and here is how you can do it.

The Ribbon of PowerPoint 2010

The Ribbon of PowerPoint 2010 consists of File, Home, Insert, Design, Transitions, Animations, Slide Show, Review and View tabs which all have related groupings to provide the users of this application with many

What is PowerPoint – On the Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 Tutorial you will learn to use Transitions, Animations, Templates and Backgrounds to produce highly attractive PowerPoint 2010 slide shows

Below is a screenshot to show how the ribbon of PowerPoint 2010 in Office MS 2010 looks like and its tabs. 

Visual representation of how the ribbon of Power Point 2010 should look like.

The application has a tab called Design tab which is actually one of the most important new features to look closer. Design tab of PowerPoint 2010 consists of many groups which enable those who produce slide shows, demos or presentations to come up with highly professional results. The groups of Design tab of Power Point 2010 are Page Setup, Themes and Background. These groups are actually one of the most frequently used ones since they enable the produced document to be made visually appealing and attractive to the end users.

Within the Themes group there are many different ready templates that can be used or one can simply create their own theme to use within the PowerPoint 2010. Some names of the ready theme templates are Office theme which suggests that it can be used for presentations that are used in offices and also themes called Austin, Black tie and many others are available to be discovered while using this application. One can also change some of the new features of these ready to go theme templates and this may be a good idea for those designers who in general like a ready theme ppt template but prefer to change a few things about it especially some colors. This can be done by clicking on the Colors drop down button which is placed within the Themes group of Design Tab of PowerPoint 2010. There is also a Font drop down button available so one can also change the fonts of the text that is entered to a slide show.

Below is a screenshot which show how the Design tab looks like. 

Transitions Tab of PowerPoint 2010

The Transitions tab of PowerPoint 2010 has groups called Preview, Transition to this slide and Timing which enable users of PowerPoint 2010 to add transition effects to slides and to adjust the timing between transitions from one slide to another. Along with these one can also add some sounds to their slide shows to make them a lot better. Below is a screenshot to show how the Transition tab and its groups look like in office Microsoft 2010.

 

Animations Tab of PowerPoint 2010

Animations tab is another one of the great features of PowerPoint 2010 and it offers a wide range of animation options. The animations of PowerPoint 2010 have been designed and ordered in a way that would easily provide Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 users with an instant access to all the animation selections and features. Those who are creating a slide show or presentations would definitely want to use the suitable animations and for those who want to add animation to their presentations, all they have to do is to add the text and the pictures they want to include in their slide show and they click on Animations tab and there you will see the groups Preview, Animation, Advanced Animation and Timing.

 

The Animations in 2010 Microsoft Office PowerPoint tab has a group called Animation which consists of a wide range of animation options. Those who are using PowerPoint 2010 to create professional slide shows, presentations and so on, all that one has to do is to click on Animations and then click on the drop down button of Animation group. With PowerPoint 2010 you can use many different animations and set the time according to your preferences.

Below is a visual representation of how the Animation group of PowerPoint 2010 looks like once one clicks on the drop down button. A screenshot to show the animation varieties of Power Point 2010 is shown right below.

Adding Audio files

PowerPoint supports multimedia in the slides. You can add audio or video clips to the slides which can be played during the presentation.

The following steps will help you add audio or video file to the slides.

Step 1 − Go to the Media group under the Insert ribbon

Step 2 − To insert video file select Video as media type and Video from File to insert a video from your computer or hard drive.

Step 3 − In the Insert Video dialog, browse for a video file and click Insert.

Step 4 − You will now see that a Video file is added to the slide.

Step 5 − To insert audio file select Audio as media type and Audio from File to insert an Audio from your computer or hard drive.

Step 6 − In the Insert Audio dialog, browse for an audio file and click Insert.

Step 7 − You will now see that an Audio file is added to the slide.

Now watch the video

 R/3 (Posted on )

Assignment:

A. Tick the correct answer.
1. This is the way a slide arrives on the screen.
a) Transition		b) Theme	c) Animation
2. Which of the following helps you to add graphics to your presentation?
a) MS Word		b) SmartArt	c) Animation
3. You can find List and Pyramid graphics under this option of the Insert tab.
a) SmartArt		b) Slide Show	c) Animation
4. This option is used to add your personal audio file.
a) Record Audio		b) Audio from file	c) Personal file
5. These are default themes and text arrangements in PowerPoint.
a) Themes		b) Templates	c) Presentations
6. Which of the following can you add to your presentation?
a) Audio		b) Video	c) Both
7. Which of the following can you add to your presentation?
a) Microphone		b) Speakers	c) Headphone
8. Which key is used to end to slide show?
a) Esc key		b) Space bar	c) Enter key
9. This feature can make the text grow larger in a presentation.
a) Audio		b) Transition	c) Animation
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. PowerPoint templates have file extension as ___________.
2. ____________ adds movement to your sides as you move from one side to another.
3. You can slow down a transition by increasing the _________ tab.
4. The audio button is found under the _________.
5. The sequential display of slides is known as slide ________.
6. Choosing the _________ option, the animation starts on clicking the mouse.
7. The _________ icon appears on a slide to show that an audio is a part of the file.
8. Click on the _________ button to start recording the narration.
9. You can add ________ to a presentation in your own voice.
C. Match the columns.
1. Transition		a. Press F5
2. Animation		b. Adding movement to slides
3. Slide show		c. Graphics
4. SmartArt		d. Visual effects
5. Trim		e. Default text arrangement
6. .potx		f. Remove a portion of an audio/video file
7. Template		g. Remove narration
8. Clear		h. PowerPoint template
E. Give the answer in one word.
1. The tab used to modify a SmartArt.
2. A type of SmartArt graphic that allows you to display flowcharts.
3. The tab used to adjust audio file on a website.
4. The option used to insert link to a video file on a website.
5. The key used to remove an audio file from a slide.
6. The tab used to add narrations to a slide.

 R/3 (Posted on 07/07/2021)

Chapter 3 More on MS Word 2010 

Word provides you with several proofing features that will help you produce professional, error-free documents. In this lesson, you will learn about the various proofing features, including the spelling and grammar tool.

To run a spelling and grammar check:

1. Go to the Review tab. Click on the Spelling & Grammar command.
2. 
3. The Spelling and Grammar dialog box will open. For each error in your document, Word will try to offer one or more suggestions. You can select a suggestion and click Change to correct the error.
   
4. If no suggestions are given, you can manually type the correct spelling.
   

Ignoring "errors"

The spelling and grammar check is not always correct. Particularly with grammar, there are many errors Word will not notice. There are also times when the spelling and grammar check will say something's an error when it's actually not. This often happens with people's names, which may not be in the dictionary.

If Word says something is an error, you can choose not to change it. Depending on whether it's a spelling or grammar error, you can choose from several options:

For spelling "errors"

• Ignore Once: This will skip the word without changing it.
• Ignore All: This will skip the word without changing it, and it will also skip all other instances of this word in the document.
• Add to Dictionary: This adds the word to the dictionary so it will never come up as an error. Make sure the word is spelled correctly before choosing this option.

For grammar "errors"

• Ignore Once: This will skip the "error" without changing it.
• Ignore Rule: This will skip this "error" and all other instances that relate to this grammar rule.
• Next Sentence: This skips the sentence without changing it and leaves it marked as an error. This means it will still show up if you do another spelling and grammar check later on.

Automatic spelling and grammar checking

By default, Word automatically checks your document for spelling and grammar errors, so you may not even need to run a separate spelling and grammar check. These errors are indicated by colored wavy lines.

• The red line indicates a misspelled word.
• The green line indicates a grammatical error.
• The blue line indicates a contextual spelling error. This feature is turned off by default.
  

A contextual spelling error occurs when the wrong word is used but the word is spelled correctly. For example, if you write Deer Mr. Theodore at the beginning of a letter, deer is a contextual spelling error because dear should have been used. Deer is spelled correctly, but it is used incorrectly in this letter.

Mail Merge

Mail Merge is a handy feature that incorporates data from both Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel and allows you to

create multiple documents at once, such as letters, saving you the time and effort of retyping the same letter over and

over. Here is an example of how to use it to create a letter thanking people who donated to a particular fund.

To use Mail Merge:

• Select the Mailings on the Ribbon.
• Select the Start Mail Merge command.

• Select Step by Step Mail Merge Wizard.

The Mail Merge task pane appears and will guide you through the six main steps to complete a merge. You will have several decisions to make during the process. The following is an example of how to create a form letter and merge the letter with a data list.

Steps 1-3

• Choose the type of document you want to create. In this example, select Letters.
• Click Next: Starting document to move to Step 2.
• Select Use the current document.
• Click Next: Select recipients to move to Step 3.
• Select the Type a new list button.
• Click Create to create a data source. The New Address List dialog box appears.
  • Click Customize in the dialog box. The Customize Address List dialog box appears.
  • Select any field you do not need, and click Delete.
  • Click Yes to confirm that you want to delete the field.
  • Continue to delete any unnecessary fields.
  • Click Add. The Add Field dialog box appears.
  • Enter the new field name.
  • Click OK.
  • Continue to add any fields necessary.
  • Click OK to close the Customize Address List dialog box.

  To customize the new address list:

  

  • Enter the necessary data in the New Address List dialog box.
  • Click New Entry to enter another record.
  • Click Close when you have entered all of your data records.
  • Enter the file name you want to save the data list as.
  • Choose the location where you want to save the file.
  • Click Save. The Mail Merge Recipients dialog box appears and displays all of the data records in the list.
  • Confirm that the data list is correct, and click OK.
  • Click Next: Write your letter to move to Step 4.

Steps 4-6

• Write a letter in the current Word document, or use an open existing document.

To insert recipient data from the list:

• Place the insertion point in the document where you want the information to appear.
• Select Address block, Greeting line, or Electronic postage from the task pane. A dialog box with options will appear based on your selection.

OR

• Select More Items. The Insert Merge Field dialog box will appear.
• Select the field you want to insert in the document.
• Click Insert. Notice that a placeholder appears where information from the data record will eventually appear.
• Repeat these steps each time you need to enter information from your data record.
• Click Next: Preview your letters in the task pane once you have completed your letter.
• Preview the letters to make sure the information from the data record appears correctly in the letter.
• Click Next: Complete the merge.
• Click Print to print the letters.
• Click All.
• Click OK in the Merge to Printer dialog box.
• Click OK to send the letters to the printer.

The Mail Merge Wizard allows you to complete the merge process in a variety of ways. The best way to learn how to use the different functions in Mail Merge is to try to develop several of the different documents—letters, labels, and envelopes—using the different types of data sources.

Now watch the video

Video 01

Video 02

Assignment:

A. Choose the correct option from the options given below.
1. The spelling and grammar command is available under the_______.
a) Review	b) References tab	c) Home tab.
2. Which wavy line shows grammatical mistakes?
a) Red	b) Green	c) Blue
3. Which feature is used to view antonyms and synonyms of a word?
a) Spelling Grammar	b) Thesaurus	c) Mailings
4. Which feature is used to send a personalized letter to many people.
a) Spelling	b) Thesaurus	c) Mail Merge
5. Under which tab is the mail merge option found?
a) Home	b) Mailings	c) Insert
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. The ________ line indicates a contextual error.
2. _________ key is pressed to open the spelling and grammar dialog box.
3. The thesaurus feature is preset under the __________ tab.
4. The Start Mail Merge command is found under the _______ tab.
5. There are _________ main steps to complete a mail merge.
D. Match the following.
1) Synonym		a) Spelling and grammar
2) F7		b) Personalized letters
3) Mail Merge		c) Opposite meaning
4) Red wavy line		d) Thesaurus
5) Antonym		e) Status bar
6) English(U.S)		f) Spelling

 R/2 (Posted on 07/6/2021)

Chapter 2 Microsoft Windows 7: The Control Panel 

TOPICS TO BE COVERED:

1. Introduction of the Control Panel

2. Changing date and time settings

    * Changing time zone

    * Adding clocks for different time zones
    * Updating system clock with Internet time
3. Changing the taskbar settings

4. Changing Start menu settings

Introduction of the Control Panel
The Control Panel is a component of Microsoft Windows that provides the ability to view and change system settings. It consists of a set of applets that include adding or removing hardware and software, controlling user accounts, changing accessibility options, and accessing networking settings. Additional applets are provided by third parties, such as audio and video drivers, VPN tools, input devices, and networking tools.

Windows 7 normally keeps good track of the current date and time, but often with a new computer, you have to change the Windows time zone to match your location so it can maintain time accurately.

Step 1: To get started, press the Windows key on your keyboard.

The Windows key is the one with the Windows logo on it. The taskbar appears, if it isn’t already visible. The taskbar is the blue area at the very bottom of your screen.

Step 2 : Right-click the Date/Time display on the far right end of the taskbar, and click Adjust Date/Time from the shortcut menu that appears.

The Date and Time dialog box appears.

Step 3 : Click the Change Date and Time button.

The Date and Time Settings dialog box appears.

Step 4 : Click in the Time field and enter a new time, or click on the up and down arrows next to that field to change the time.

If you wish, click a new date in the calendar to set the date.

Step 5 : When you’re finished with adjusting the date and time settings, click OK.

You’re returned to the Date and Time dialog box.

Step 6 : To change the time zone, click the Change Time Zone button, choose an option from the Time Zone drop-down list, and click OK.

When you click the Change Time Zone button, the Time Zone Settings dialog box appears. By selecting a time zone appropriate to your location, Windows can make automatic adjustments for Daylight Savings Time as needed.

If you don’t want your computer to adjust for Daylight Saving Time, click the Automatically Adjust Clock for Daylight Saving Time check box in the Time Zone Settings dialog box to turn this feature off. In India we do not need the Daylight saving time feature.

Step 7 : Click OK.

Video 1

Changing the taskbar settings

Microsoft has made huge changes to the Windows 7 taskbar. It has also made it possible for you to customize many of the options and settings on the Windows 7 taskbar. You can move icons to where you want them, change the way the bar behaves, add toolbars, and pin any icon you want on it.

The taskbar comes preloaded with three icons next to the Start menu: Internet Explorer, Windows Explorer, and Media Player. To add more programs to the taskbar, just drag and drop a program’s icon directly onto the taskbar. All your taskbar icons are movable, so feel free to rearrange them in any order.

For even more customization, right-click a blank part of the taskbar, and choose Properties. The Taskbar and Start Menu Properties window appears. The options in this dialog box let you control the way the Windows 7 taskbar behaves.

Setting	What it Does
Lock the Taskbar	This keeps you from changing its appearance, such as making it taller to make room for more icons. Be sure you have things the way you want before you lock it.
Auto-Hide the Taskbar	This will make the taskbar automatically hide itself when you’re not near it. (Point your cursor at the bottom of the screen to bring it back up.)
Use Small Icons	This shrinks the taskbar and its icons to half-height.
Taskbar Location On Screen	Choose any of the four edges of the screen.
Taskbar Buttons	This tells windows to group similar windows under one button to protect the taskbar from overcrowding.
Notification Area	Use this to decide what icons should appear in the notification area (down by the clock).
Preview Desktop with Aero Peek	Turn on or off the ability to point at the strip on the taskbar’s far right edge to see under all the open windows on your desktop.

Changing Start menu settings

Windows 7 lets you customize your Start Menu to make it work the way you want it to. You can make a number of changes to the Start menu, from adding or removing items, deciding whether to display recently opened items, and even control the way Windows responds when you click on the Start Menu options.

Step 1 : Right-click the Start button and choose Properties.

                                You see the Taskbar and Start Menu Properties dialog box.

Step 2 : On the Start Menu tab, click the Customize button.

              Windows 7 shows you the Customize Start Menu dialog box (as shown below).

Step 3: Select or deselect the features you want to enable or disable.

For most features, you have three choices:

Display as link — Almost all items on the Start menu are displayed as links.

Display as menu — Shows the item as a fly-out menu.

Don’t display this item — Removes the entry from the Start menu.

You can stop Windows 7 from displaying the names of the files you recently opened if you want to protect your privacy. Simply deselect the Store and Display Recently Opened Programs in the Start Menu and the Taskbar check boxes, which appear at the bottom of this options list.

Step 4: Click the OK button twice when you’re done.

A modified Start menu showing the fly-out menu for the Computer item.

Video 2

Changing mouse settings

1. Click the Start Menu in the lower left corner of the Screen.
   
2. Click Control Panel
   
3. In the upper right corner of Control Panel, if View By: is set to Category, click the drop down arrow next to Category, then select Large Icons.
   
4. Scroll down and click on Mouse.
   
5. The Mouse Properties window will open. To change how fast the cursor moves in response to movement of the mouse, select the Pointer Options tab at the top of the Mouse Properties window. Under the Motion heading, drag the slider bar towards slow or fast until the desired speed is accomplished.
   
6. To change the speed at which the scroll wheel scrolls, click the Wheel tab at the top of the Mouse Properties window. Move the slider bar towards slow or fast until the desired scroll speed is selected.
   
7. To change how much distance a fast scroll will cover, click Advanced.
   
8. The Accelerated Scrolling window will appear. Move the slider bar towards slow or fast. This is useful to change how quickly a fast scroll will go through a large document or web page. Click OK when finished.
   
9. To change how quickly two left-clicks will be recognized as a double-click, select the Activities tab at the top of the Mouse Properties window. Move the slider bar towards slow or fast.
   
• A slow double-click will allow for more time in between each click in order to be recognized as a double-click. A fast double-click will require little time in between clicks in order to be recognized as a double-click. To test the desired double-click speed, double-click on the folder in the Test Area . When the desired double-click speed is selected, click OK.
  

Video 3

Assignment:

A. Choose the correct option from the options given below.
1. Which tab has the option to automatically hide the taskbar?
a) Toolsbar	b) Taskbar	c) Start menu
2. This tab displays various mouse pointer icons to select from.
a) Buttons	b) Wheel	c) Pointers
3. The speed of the mouse pointer can be adjusted using the _________.
a) Pointer Options tab	b) Pointers tab	c) Buttons tab
4. What is the default tab in the Mouse Properties dialog box?
a) Buttons	b) Pointers	c) Pointer Options
5. What is the default tab that opens each time the Sound dialog box is opened?
a) Recording	b) Sound	c) Playback

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. ____________ settings in the Control Panel is used to install or uninstall programs on the computer.

2. The Date and Time dialog box displays the Date and Time, ________ and Internet Time tabs,.

3. You can set the date and time in the ________ dialog box.

4. The taskbar is displayed at the bottom of the ____________.

5. Click on the ________ button under the taskbar tab to open the Notification Area Icon dialog box.

6. Adjust the volume of speakers by clicking on the speakers icon in the _______ Area.

D. Name the tab that can be used to perform the following tasks.

1. The Time Zone of your computer can be changed under tab.

2. The system clock of your computer is automatically updated with an Internet time server under this tab.

3. The options that lock the taskbar and Auto-hide the taskbar are seen under this tab.

4. The option that allows your computer to store and display recently opened program is found under this tab.

5. Various listening devices such as speakers are seen under this tab.

6. This tab shows you various recording devices such as microphones attached to your computer.

E. Match the following.

1. Taskbar		a) Display as a menu
2. Appearance		b) Start button
3. Date and Time		c) At the bottom edge
4. Control Panel		d) Taskbar and Start Menu
5. Customize Start Menu		e) Notification Arera

 R/1 (Posted on 7/05/2021) 

Chapter 1 Computer Fundamentals

TOPICS TO BE COVERED:

1. Introduction of computers

2. IPO cycle

3. CPU and its components

    * ALU
    * CU
    * MU
4. Memory

    * RAM

    * ROM

5. Classification of computers

Main teaching:

Introduction of computer

A Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input from the user and processes it under the control of a set of instructions called a program, produces a result called the output, and then saves it for future use. This lesson explains the foundational concepts of the computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals, etc. along with how to get the most value and impact from computer technology.

Functionalities of a Computer

If we look at it in a very broad sense, any digital computer carries out the following five functions −

Step 1 − Takes data as input.

Step 2 − Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required.

Step 3 − Processes the data and converts it into useful information.

Step 4 − Generates the output.

Step 5 − Controls all the above four steps.

Advantages of Computers

High Speed

• * A Computer is a very fast device.
• * It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.
• * The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the           picosecond.

Accuracy

• * In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
• * Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the input is correct.

Storage Capability

• * Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
• * A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
• * It can store large amount of data.
• * It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.

Diligence

• * Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of       concentration.
• * It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
• * It can perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy.

Versatility

• * A computer is a very versatile machine.
• * A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
• * Computers are used to solve the problems related to various fields.

IPO CYCLE

Input Unit

This unit refers to devices which help us to enter data into the computer. These units create a link between the user and the computer. The input devices translate the information into a form understandable by the computer.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

CPU is considered to be the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions. It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.

CPU itself has the following three components −

• * ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• * Memory Unit
• * Control Unit

Output Unit

The output unit consists of devices through which we get information from the computer. This unit is a link between the computer and the users. Output devices translate the computer's output into a form understandable by the users.

Watch video no. 1

Memory

A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.

Memory is primarily of three types −

• * Cache Memory
• * Primary Memory or Main Memory
• * Secondary Memory

Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can access them.

Advantages

The advantages of cache memory are as follows −

• * Cache memory is faster than main memory.
• * It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
• * It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
• * It stores data for temporary use.

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows −

• * Cache memory has limited capacity.
• * It is very expensive.

Primary Memory (Main Memory)

Primary memory holds only that data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductors. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.

Secondary Memory

This type of memory is also known as external memory and is a non-volatile memory. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data and information permanently. The CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU is able to access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

Watch video no. 2


Since the advent of the first computer, different types and sizes of computers are offering different services. Computers can be as big as occupying a large building and as small as a laptop or a microcontroller in a mobile & embedded systems.

The four basic types of computers are as under:

1. Microcomputer

2. Minicomputer

3. Mainframe Computer

4. Supercomputer

Classification of computers

                                                              Microcomputer

Micro-computers are specially designed for general usage like entertainment, education and work purposes. Well known manufacturers of Micro-computer are Dell, Apple, Samsung, Sony & Toshiba.

Desktop computers, Gaming consoles, Sound & Navigation system of a car, Netbooks, Notebooks, PDA’s, Tablet PC’s, Smartphones and Calculators are all type of Microcomputers.

​Minicomputer

Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms. Minicomputers are also called as “Mid range Computers”. These are small machines and can be accommodated on a disk without processing and data storage capabilities as super-computers & Mainframes. These computers are not designed for a single user. Individual departments of a large company or organizations use Mini-computers for specific purposes. For example, a production department can use Mini-computers for monitoring certain production process.

​Popular Minicomputers

• K-202
• ​Texas Instrument TI-990
• ​SDS-92
• ​IBM Midrange computers

Mainframe Computer

Although Mainframes are not as powerful as supercomputers, but certainly they are quite expensive nonetheless, and many large firms & government organizations uses Mainframes to run their business operations. Mainframe computers are accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms because of its size. Super-computers are the fastest computers with large data storage capacity, Mainframes can also process & store large amount of data. Banks, educational institutions & insurance companies use mainframe computers to store data about their customers, students & insurance policy holders.

​Popular Mainframe Computers

• ​Fujitsu’s ICL VME
• ​Hitachi’s Z800

Supercomputer

The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing are the Supercomputers. These are specialized and task specific computers used by large organizations. These computers are used for research and exploration purposes, like NASA. Supercomputers are used by NASA for launching and controlling space shuttles and for space exploration purposes.

Supercomputers are very expensive and very large in size. They are accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can span an entire building.

Top Five Supercomputers

​RANK	​SITE	​SYSTEM	CORES	RMAX (TFLOPS/S)	RPEAK (TFLOPS/S)	​POWER ​(KW)
1	National Super computer in Guanzhou, China	Tianhe – 2 (MilkyWay – 2)	3,120,000	​33,862.7	​54,902.4	​17,808
2	​DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States	Tianhe – 2 (MilkyWay – 2)	560,640	​17,590.0	​27,112.5	​8,209
3	​DOE/NNSA/LLNL, United States	Tianhe – 2 (MilkyWay – 2)	​1,572,864	​17,173.2	​20,132.7	​7,890
4	​RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS) Japan	Tianhe – 2 (MilkyWay – 2)	​705,024	​10,510.0	​11,280.4	​12,660
5	​DOE/SC/Argonne National Laboratory, United States	Tianhe – 2 (MilkyWay – 2)	​786,432	​8,586.6	​10,066.3	​3,945

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Assignment:

A. Choose the correct option from those given below.

1. ALU performs the calculation and sends it back to the ____.
a) CPU	b) memory	c) CU
2. Which memory is also called main memory?
a) Secondary	b) Primary	c) Computer
3. Which of the following is called non-volatile memory?
a) ROM	b) RAM	c) Secondary memory
4. Both read and write operations on data can be performed on ....
a) ROM	b) RAM	c) both ROM and RAM
5. Which of the following can execute billions of instructions per second?
a) Minicomputer	b) Mainframe	c) Supercomputers

B. Match the columns.

1) RAM		a) PRAM
2. ROM		b) High-speed memory
3) Mainframe		c) Execution
4) Cache		d) Operation
5) ALU		e) Large memory
6) CU		f) Temporary
7) Supercomputer		g) Non-volatile memory

C. Fill in the blanks.

1. A special area in ________ is sometimes reserved for cache memory.

2. The ________ gets instructions from the memory and executes these instructions.

3. _________ tells the computer what to do after you switch it on.

4. _______ and _______ are Primary memory.

5. ________ are generally used as servers and multi-user systems.

6. _________ is a small hardware component of a computer, which carries out all the instructions.

D. Expand the following abbreviations.

1. ROM

2. RAM

3. CU

4. IPO

5. CPU

6. ALU

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